Major Political Parties

Ideological groups assume a significant job in the political arrangement of the present reality. They assume the job of uniting individuals with comparative political positions and interests. Through ideological groups, the force game in legislative issues is executed in light of the fact that for one to turn into a political pioneer, the channel is by means of an ideological group. Publicizing We will compose a custom examination paper test on Major Political Parties explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, by and large, casting a ballot by the voter is typically founded on belief systems that are shared by an ideological group and not really the individual challenging for a position. As a rule there are two significant ideological groups in any political race challenge in a two gathering framework and the nearness of outsiders just has some impact on the whole procedure yet can always lose a political decision. There hosts been considerable advancement of p olitical gatherings with change in time and time. This paper features a portion of these advancements with a nitty gritty glance at a portion of the major ideological groups of the present reality and their strategies on outside issues, economy and adjusting of the financial plan. It likewise addresses the job that outsiders play and the effect they have to the political framework. To help this, the attention will be on the political framework and ideological groups of the US. In the United States, the two significant ideological groups are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The outsiders in the US are a few and the three significant outsiders incorporate constitution Party, Green Party, and the Libertarian Party (Crane , 12). As of now in the US, the national government is controlled by the Democratic Party with Mr. Obama as the president and head of state. The gathering shares a few philosophies and convictions of social progressivism. It has ever upheld minority bunch es that incorporate ranchers, work laborers and minority religions and minority ethnic gatherings. A great many people of dark American drop and Latino Americans share similar positions and interests with the party’s and in this way an enormous number of them have a place with the party.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The gathering additionally contradicts thoughts that make unregulated business tasks in the US. They have supported a few bills in the senate that supports increment in least wages. The 2007 Fair Minimum Wage Act is one of the bills that have been upheld by democrats and passed. The Democratic Party trusts in an organized assessment framework that decreases imbalance in the economy (Grigsby , 106). The republicans during the Bush system, made cuts in tax assessment for rich and well off Americans including the white collar class. In any case, to make equity and diminish the hole between the rich and poor people, the Obama organization has permitted tax reductions for the rich to terminate so they cover more expense. Simultaneously tax assessment plays hooky has been permitted to proceed. There is a general help for progressively budgetary allotment to branches of social administrations, for example, medicinal services, and government assistance programs. Expelling these administrations from American residents resembles bringing social bad form. Endeavors by the Republicans to expel these administrations were emphatically restricted by the individuals from the Democratic Party (Thompson and Hickey , 89). On the off chance that the legislature offers these types of assistance to the residents, it makes a chance of opportunity to everybody. The PAYGO rule of financial plan was really restored after a move by the democrats to push for its restoration. Democrats likewise have a liberal and dynamic remain on issues to do with the ear th, exchange, instruction, the privileges of the gay network, and exploration on undeveloped foundational microorganism. Their international strategy depends on internationalism of which mediation is allowed. They upheld the utilization of military mediation so as to battle fear mongering and bring to equity those liable for the 9/11 assaults. Publicizing We will compose a custom examination paper test on Major Political Parties explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More But in the ongoing past the president has contradicted further contribution of the military in Afghanistan requiring a flood of the soldiers. There is anyway zone where the two Democrats and Republicans talk in one voice. This is the issue of Israel in the Middle East area. The Republican Party then again has a preservationist nature of philosophies and standards. On the economy, they accept that private enterprise and free market contribute extraordinarily towards building the economy (Gienapp , 56). To them the job of helping poor people ought to be the duty of the private division and not the legislature. Also, in this way they don't bolster government financing of social administrations, for example, human services and instruction. On universal approaches, the republicans have consistently been on the side of military mediation to bring security inside a locale. It was during a republican system that there have been most wars that the US military has included itself in. The republicans additionally structure most of the individuals in the US military. The US hosts a two get-together political framework with democrats and republicans being the principle one. Anyway there are other outsiders that typically just assume the job of a spoiler during decisions (Thompson and Hickey , 67). Competitors from these gatherings infrequently win decisions and right now there have just been two legislators from outsiders who have won political race since 1990. At whatever point there are large issues that are ignored by the two major gatherings, they can cause and power consideration in these issues. Works Cited Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics . New York: McGraw Hill, 2004.Advertising Searching for research paper on government? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Gienapp, William. The Origins of the Republican Party. New York: Harvard University Press, 1989. Grigsby, Ellen. Breaking down Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Florence: Cengage Learning, 2008. Thompson, William and Joseph Hickey. Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson, 2005. This exploration paper on Major Political Parties was composed and put together by client Marcus Evans to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

HOW LIVESTOCK IMPACTS THE ENVIRONMENT AND DIETARY CHOICE essay

HOW LIVESTOCK IMPACTS THE ENVIRONMENT AND DIETARY CHOICE article HOW LIVESTOCK IMPACTS THE ENVIRONMENT AND DIETARY CHOICE article HOW LIVESTOCK IMPACTS THE ENVIRONMENT AND DIETARY CHOICE essayThe domesticated animals considerably affects the earth just as the food culture and diet of contemporary individuals. Generally, the animals was utilized as the significant wellspring of meat, dairy and related items. In any case, the extensive development of the number of inhabitants on the planet in the twentieth century was joined by the gigantic development of the domesticated animals. Such changes have activated extensive natural changes on the grounds that the expansion of the domesticated animals caused impressive changes in agribusiness. Simultaneously, the expansion of the domesticated animals normally added to the adjustment in the food creation that brought about the creation of meat, dairy and related items. In such a specific situation, the inquiry emerges whether the development of the domesticated animals has positive or negative effect on the earth and dietary decisions. In such manner, despite the fact th at the animals is one of the significant wellsprings of food to the expanded populace of the Earth however it prompts the difference in the common habitat, its contamination, and diet decisions, which may build the danger of such issues as cardio-vascular sicknesses or heftiness, be that as it may, up until now, elective wellsprings of food despite everything can't completely meet the current demand.On investigating effects of domesticated animals on the earth and dietary decision, it is fundamentally important to unmistakably recognize the central point and causes that animated the steady increment of the domesticated animals around the world. In the first place, animals is the significant wellspring of key supplements required for the typical turn of events and support of human body. Animals permits giving numerous individuals food in adequate amounts. Second, expenses of creation and advantages of the creation of domesticated animals are appealing financially that likewise invigo rate the further development of the animals. In such a manner, animals permits taking care of numerous individuals with the significant expense effectiveness. What's more, domesticated animals diminishes the effect of the normal factors on the food gracefully in light of the fact that, regardless of whether yields are obliterated, ranchers despite everything can discover alternatives to flexibly nourishment for the domesticated animals or just to transform the animals into the food items, if there is no choice for the gracefully of the domesticated animals with basic food. In any case, the fundamental explanation behind the development of the domesticated animals is monetary on the grounds that the animals brings extensive advantages which exceed costs.However, scientists (Gerber et al., 2013) demand that the development of the animals destructively affects nature. To put it all the more exactly, the expansion of the animals added to the expansion of ozone harming substance outflows . Also, the domesticated animals is the significant wellspring of ozone harming substance outflows in agriculture.The ascent of the ozone depleting substance discharges as a result of the domesticated animals is the regular aftereffect of normal exercises of the domesticated animals. For example, steers need to inhale and, in this manner, they radiate CO2. The expansion of the dairy cattle populace prompts the development of CO2 discharge. Also, excrement is another wellspring of ozone depleting substance discharges however fertilizer is the normal aftereffect of domesticated animals characteristic exercises. In such a manner, domesticated animals may have much more prominent negative effect on the earth than transport.Furthermore, domesticated animals adds to changes in the eating routine decisions. To put it all the more absolutely, animals shapes, to a critical degree, diet decisions made by clients. In such manner, it merits referencing the way that in numerous nations of the wo rld animals is the significant wellspring of food and numerous food societies are arranged on the domesticated animals as the wellspring of fundamental items and fixings. Furthermore, domesticated animals supplies nutritious food that can't generally be repaid by plants, for instance. For example, people may need to eat twice, threefold or significantly a bigger number of vegetables and organic product than they have to eat meat to meet their normal need in food. Subsequently, they eat less.However, despite the fact that individuals devouring domesticated animals items eat less, they despite everything face the issue of the negative effect of such eating regimen on their wellbeing. For example, meat alone or animals related items can't gracefully all basic supplements required for human wellbeing. Subsequently, they despite everything need vegetables and natural product. In addition, animals related items, particularly meat and fat, lead to the advancement of genuine medical issues, for example, cardiovascular ailment or obesity.In such a circumstance, a few specialists () recommend lessening domesticated animals and expanding harvests of vegetables and natural product that can supplant domesticated animals. In any case, the expansion of the creation of vegetables and natural product will have considerably additionally destroying sway on the earth since ranchers will require progressively arable terrains and lead increasingly concentrated cultivating that will have the overwhelming effect on soil as well as on water, air and condition on the loose. Simultaneously, veggie lover food additionally can't gracefully individuals with every single basic supplement. In this way, individuals will in any case need domesticated animals to keep up their sound development.In such a way, the improvement of the animals and the development of the animals in the all out agrarian creation negatively affects the earth and human wellbeing be that as it may, right now, the humanki nd doesn't have sufficient other options. In this manner, the animals creation ought to be held yet its negative effect on the earth and human wellbeing despite everything can be diminished. For example, excrement can be handled to create elective powers. In this manner, compost can be utilized as an elective wellspring of vitality that will permit sparing expenses and ensuring the earth in light of the decrease of the utilization of non-renewable energy sources expected to create electricity.At a similar time, the eating regimen ought to be adjusted. What is implied here is the way that individuals ought to expend all items they need. They can't move to boundaries concentrating either on animals related items or on veggie lover food as it were. Rather, individuals ought to devour all supplements which they need yet they ought not eat meat or different items unnecessarily or misbalance their sustenance. In such a manner, wellbeing related issues related with animals are not really t he issue of domesticated animals yet the issue of the food culture and individual obligation of individuals for what they eat.Thus, apparently negative impacts of domesticated animals on condition and diet decisions might be limited. In addition, today, individuals simply don't have satisfactory choice to cut animals considerably in light of the fact that, something else, the humanity will confront significantly more serious danger of starvation with continuing issue of nature contamination and misbalanced nourishment.

Finding Musicality in Your Writing

Finding Musicality in Your Writing Every time you put pen to paper or fingers to the keyboard, you are delivering an image to the world. Its an image of who you are and, more importantly, how you communicate. If you want to stand out in written communication, you need to take another important step. You need to add musicality to your writing.What is musicality in writing anyway? Is it special words or phrasing? Is it rhythm or a particular beat? Is it a special combination of sentences? Is it the varied patterns of your words? Its all of these and more. Musicality is your communication brandâ€"who you are as a writer. Musicality is your unique image, but its an image that appears in print instead of as a picture or an item you buy. So, how do you find it?Producing musicality in writing is similar in many ways to what a composer, a painter, a software programmer, or a designer does. It is seeking out and recognizing the unique sound patterns that you alone can produce on paper. That pattern is based on the words you ch oose and how you combine them to create your personal writing melody.Every piece of writing has a rhythm and its own particular beat. If youve ever read a passage in a letter or a research paper, a proposal or brochure, or a novel that you found really stayed with you, youve probably experienced musicality. To explain what happens a bit more precisely, think of attitude. Everything we write has its own special attitude. That attitude is the soul of the writing. A writer wants to communicate some part of himself or herself to an audience. Most writers spend a lot of time seeking the right attitude for a piece of writing. There are different attitudes of course for different audiences and different genres of writing, but the goal is always to express that one best attitude in every piece you write, Musicality must have attitude.To understand attitude better, think of the following scenario. Think of yourself as being in a crowded room and wanting to be heard over the noise. You want p eople to hear what you will say because what you have to say is important. You climb on a chair and start to speak, but you dont yell. You whisper. Everyone looks at you high on that chair and becomes silent. You have them. If as a writer, you create an attitude that works, the readers in the back of your creative room will hear you just as clearly. You will drop a pin in that crowded room, and your readers will be suddenly silent because your pin is a huge diamond. Thats the kind of silence you want in writing. Attitude comes from musicality.To use another analogy, think about the theme of your favorite movie, and then think what that movie would be like if the movie theme were missing and there was only silence as the action scenes raced across the screen. Can you imagine Superman, Star Wars, or Jurassic Park without their musical scores, without their repeating themes? Musicality in writing produces a similar background for your writing. Musicality offers the same flow of scene, emotionality, and direct focus that great movies themes give to great films. Musicality is the rhythm of syllables becoming words, the flow of phrasing that becomes fascinating, and memorable repetitive patterns, or even jolting change that stops you cold. Its that unique sound that comes from hearing just the right word combined in just the right turn of phrase to communicate just the right idea at the right moment.Musicality in writing is a bit like a lyrical song or the repetitive beat in great jazz. It is a pattern you create to communicate an idea. It grabs your attention, holds you in its grasp, and replays in your memory long after the song is ended or the music stops. All of us can remember a special line from a song we loved or a bar of music we hummed. It replays in our heads over and over for hours as we go on with our daily lives. Musicality in writing is the same special combination of sound. Word juxtaposition, phrasing rhythm, and tonal sounds all produce a totality that becomes magical. If you can find such magic in your writing, whatever the goal for your piece, youll have in hand a unique communication that creates an unbroken bond with your reader. That bond can be to a sales letter, a brochure, a statement of purpose, a recommendation letter, a technical explanation, or a scientific abstract â€" it doesnt matter the purpose or the genre or the length. The concept is the same. Once you place your personal style of musicality on a piece of writing, that piece will engage your reader, excite the senses, and be remembered. It will also influence, and its ideas will be handed on to others.Rhythm is a pattern like those you hear in jazz as in Dave Brubecks famous Take Five. That piece has a wonderful precise theme that keeps repeating and reappearing in different arrangements. You remember it. Ive always wanted to write as well as George Gershwin wrote music. Listen to Rhapsody in Blue or An American in Paris sometime, and youll understand music ality. Gershwin delivered an emotion in those pieces that we still can feel today, and he did it with tone and rhythm and musical themes.Musicality is a chosen pattern of words you consciously place in your writing. It lets words move in concert across the page. It can be syllables, or alliteration or use of metaphor or a simile, or a pattern of sounds that you determine is a crazy pattern for your piece. It is a pattern that continues on and joins with itself and is only interrupted when you want it to do so for a specific purpose. When you read aloud a piece that has musicality, it moves easily with highs and lows, and the sounds of the syllables blending naturally to communicate a precise sound you can physically hear, a sound that hopefully matches the theme.As you write, listen carefully to the words and phrases, and sentences you create. Listen for the unique meter or rhythm of your words as your ideas develop and become sentences and then paragraphs. Listen for natural sound breaks too. They will tell you where the idea breaks occur. Listen to your introductory words and notice where you placed them and how the musicality and meaning changed when you changed the placement of certain words. Notice where the rhythm and the flow changes, and ask yourself, Is this what I want right now?You might call musicality the heartbeat of a piece of writing. The heart has its own beat that we all can hear when were quiet â€" ba- dum, ba-dum, ba-dum. Poems have their own heartbeat too. Its called meter. It can be iambic pentameter or singsong, or one of many combinations with different weights for different syllables. Everyday speech has its own rhythm and sound. Listen to people talk when youre at the mall or in a restaurant. That is musicality. Different languages have their own musicality, and all cultures have their own.If you listen to your thoughts as you write them and then listen to the actual sound they make as you edit and revise, youll develop your own brand of musicality. You will conduct an orchestra of ideas. Eventually, youll learn to recognize when your writing is off-key and learn how to rearrange the sounds and rhythms and louds and softs to bring your writing back in tune again. Youll really hear your writing. If you listen well, you will write well and better.

Pa 582 Entire Course with Final Exam Public Policy...

PA 582 Entire Course Public Policy Formulation and Implementation Keller PLEASE DOWNLOAD HERE! http://www.studentswithsolutions.com/view-tutorial.aspx?TutorialId=2146 PA582 Entire Course A+ Public Policy Formulation and Implementation Received 1000/1000 Points This tutorial includes the following: Week 3 Assignment: Approaches to the Public Administration-6 Pages Week 6 Assignment: Policy Research: Gender Inequality - 14 Pages Week 4 Midterm Exam: Decision Making – 6 Pages – Graded 100% Correct Midterm Exam – Answers prepared based on the study guide – 16 Pages Final Exam – Plus Answers prepared based on the study guide – 11 Pages Week 8 Final Exam – 6 Pages – Graded 100% Correct†¦show more content†¦In some circumstances, a quasi-experimental design of research can be used to determine if a correlation between a policy change and the results have a cause and effect relationship. Please explain the basics of a quasi-experimental design, and explain how that framework can be used at a state level to try to measure the effectiveness of the public policy. (Points : 30) 5. (TCO E) A public administrator working for a federal agency and overseeing the funding of the public policy implementation for its programs should be cognizant of the federal budget process. Please provide an overview of that process. Assume that you are the program director. Explain how your understanding of the process will assist you in that role. (Points : 30) 1. (TCO F) Olympus School District is in a geographic area that is experiencing rapid population growth. As a result, the district needs three additional schools as soon as reasonably possible. The district is allowed to impose property taxes and has a strong tax base. However, provisions on existing bonds payable restrict its ability to issue more bonds to pay for the construction of the new schools. A consultant from the state education department has suggested to the board of the district to consider entering into a public-private partnership. Please define this term: public-private partnership. What advantage should occur from entering into such an arrangement? Propose aShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesHD69.P75G72 2011 658.4904—dc22 2009054318 www.mhhe.com About the Authors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon State University. He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadership. His research and consulting activities focus on project management. He has published numerous articles on matrix management, product development, and project partnering. He has been honored

Friendship in Sula Essay - 865 Words

Im sure you have not only heard, but also used the famous phrase opposites attract. The statement stands true not only in physics and chemistry, but also in relationships and friendships. We tend to be attracted to people with personalities that differ from ours, so life would be more interesting, and desire the opposite of what we have. A perfect example of this, is Sula and Nel, best friends from Toni Morrisons novel, Sula, where the conventional ideas of good and evil are turned upside down. The two girls are like opposite sides of a magnet, strongly attracted toward one another and useless when split apart. Life puts their friendship to the test by toying with love and sex, life and death, and good and evil, eventually†¦show more content†¦Being oppressed by her mother, Nel has an attraction to Sulas carefree environment which, unlike her own, lacks any oppression. Likewise, Sula has an attraction to Nels peaceful and orderly environment. They both desire something that the other does not have, and thats where such a strong attraction comes from. Together, they are perfect- Nel finds in Sula the youthfulness and the fun shes missing, and Sula finds order and stability in Nel. Their attraction toward each other grows stronger every year, eventually becoming so strong that they become one. Their friendship was so close; they themselves had difficulty distinguishing ones thoughts from the others (83). The positive and the negative melts together, making a perfect neutral that becomes impossible to separate or determine whats positive and whats negative. Throughout the book we see Sula and Nel as one, as do the people who know them. Even Eva at some point says to Nel, You. Sula. Whats the difference? (168). Eva makes a reference to the perfect example of Sula and Nel being one, the time when Chicken Little drowns in the river. At that point, it seems that Sula and Nel swap personalities. Very unlike her, Sula panics and breaks down crying when she accidentally lets go of Chicken Littles hand, while Nel suddenly becomes the more collected one, calming down her other half. Although Nel thinks of herself as the good one and considers Sula the bad one, at that point youShow MoreRelatedFriendship in Sula Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesFriendship in Sula In Sula, Toni Morrison questions what true friendship is by putting Nel Wright and Sula Peace’s friendship to the test. Morrison tests the phrase â€Å"opposites attract† in this novel. Nel and Sula have two different personalities yet they are able to compliment each other. They are opposites in the way that they relate to other people, and to the world around them. Nel is rational and balanced; she gets married and gives in to conformity and the town’s expectations. SulaRead MoreTesting Friendships in Sula by Toni Morrison1148 Words   |  5 Pagesthat they have with others. Whether there are complications in the friendship or not, the person’s life is changed in some way. In Sula by Toni Morrison, friendships are put to the test. Single mother-child relationships and other friendships have hardships that they must overcome. Friendships between women when unmediated by men in a mother and child relationship create difficult decision-makings and wa ys of life, yet friendships between friends are less complicated and stronger without them. TheRead MoreEssay Sula1467 Words   |  6 Pagesaround the year 1919. Sula Peace, the daughter of Rekus who died when she was 3years old and Hannah, was a young and lonely girl of wild dreams. Sula was born in the same year as Nel, 1910. Sula was a heavy brown color and had large eyes with a birthmark that resembled a stemmed rose to some and many varied things to others. Nel Wright, the daughter of Helene and Wiley, was and unimaginative girl living in a very strict and manipulated life. Nel was lighter in color than Sula and could have passedRead MoreToni Morrisons Sula Essay example1465 Words   |  6 PagesSula Toni Morrisons Sula is a novel that has a theme about the nature of evil. The story follows the lives of two black female friends who present differing views on evil. On one hand, we have societys conventional view of evil represented by the character of Nel and also seen in the Bottoms disapproval of Sula. The other view of evil is seen through the character of Sula and through her actions, which conflict with traditional society. The friendship of Sula and Nel is how the authorRead MoreToni Morrison s Sul Gender Heteronormative Relationships1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn Toni Morrison’s Sula, gender heteronormative relationships are demonstrated in a very punishable manner. The two main characters Sula Peace, and Nel Right share a very strong, well connected friendship. The two of them are a mirror reflection of each other, with the same desires. Heteronormative institutions in the book do not seem to be stable for the most part. Hannah Peace, the single mother Sula, live s a disordered life in her household while Helene Wright belongs to a conservative and peacefulRead MoreSula Character Analysis1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe phrase opposites attract is proven true by the characters Sula and Nel in the novel Sula by Toni Morrison. When an individual desires to be complete, they seek this completion through things other than themselves. This is exactly what Sula and Nel, the main characters in Sula, do. These two characters are formed through their families, and the level of structure their families have given them. They are initially attracted to each other at the age of twelve out of disparity. Nel is seeking toRead MoreThe Friendship Of Two Black Women By Toni Morrison Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesToni Morrison’s novel is about the friendship of two black women, and how they and others live with the challenge social circumstances in Ohio during 1920s to 1960s. Throughout the story, Morrison encourages black women should overcome hardship s and traumatic experiences to become independent and self-determined when they face racism, sexism, and poverty. The paper is using social work lens to examine how African-American history affects U.S social welfare. To be honestly, learning American historyRead MoreCompanionship in Sula Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesCompanionship in Sula Humans need to be with other humans. They need the companionship and they need to know that other people care. Most of the time, this companionship that humans seek with each other will evolve into friendship. At other times, the companionships will evolve into love. Differentiating between friendship and love is difficult because there are no clear cut boundaries on either side. What one person might feel as love, the other might distinguish as friendship or vice versa.Read MoreGood Things Don t Last Forever915 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the duration of life, there can be times where things seem almost perfect. In Sula, written by Toni Morrison, some good relationships appear to be perfect. Even in relationships that have perfect moments, there will at times be problems. Sometimes, even good relationships fail. Good relationships do not last because people cheat, people leave, and people die. Relationships end because people cheat. In Sula, Jude and Nel was a married couple who had a family. They were happy. Even Nel describesRead More Frustration and Denial in Morrisons Sula Essay771 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp; Frustration and Denial in Morrisons Sulanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; A book which is most celebrated for its tale about friendship is found to have a more important theme and role in literature. In Search of Self: Frustration and Denial in Toni Morrisons Sula, the author Maria Nigro believes Sula has much more important themes in modern literature. Sula celebrates many lives: It is the story of the friendship of two African American women; but most of all

President Jackson Guardian of the Constitution Free Essays

With good intention of building a nation based on principles of freedom, opportunity, and equality, the United States early leaders had many struggles in doing so. A utopia world can be imagined and planned out, but tribulations will always occur, making a utopia impossible to be created. The Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the Constitution, individual liberty, and equal opportunity, but then again, tribulations are inevitable. We will write a custom essay sample on President Jackson Guardian of the Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jacksonian Democrats took on the duty of defending the country from mostly outside powers, but also from problems that take place in the country. The Declaration gives the American man many rights, which can be, and will be abused. Document A explains how the Jacksonian’s recognized this, and again, with good intent, they have assigned themselves as an organized party, with leaders of high meaning to protect any misuse of the said freedoms in the Declaration. President Jackson takes a commanding step in his faith of defending the country in his veto of the United States Bank re-charter showed in Document B. He gives a good argument for why the Bank is disrupting and harmful to the United States, and his veto is because he is trying to protect the United States. Document D shows how the United States was already very prospering, and the document really emphasizes the amazement of individual liberty. Never before, anywhere else in the modernized world was the a working democracy, but the United States seemed to be a very able country even with individual liberty. The writer claims she was â€Å"painfully amazed† when the question was up-rose of whether the people are encouraged to govern themselves, she was surprised because it looked as if it was a great environment. Document E tells of how a riot broke out in Philadelphia because of the issue of slavery, and black discrimination. This is a struggle that will always haunt those in power. The issue of slavery completely goes against the Democrat belief of individual liberty. The very unmoral view of the situation will claim that blacks are not considered humans, but property. Document E shows that South Carolina moves to suppress the non-slave states’ publishing and printing. Document G shows how the United States took the rights of the Indians in the Indian Removal Act, which led to the Trail of Tears. The Indians were forced out of their living space, and had their rights abused. In Andrew Jackson’s veto explained in Document B, it shows how he is defending the equal opportunity of the United States. He says, â€Å"It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of governments to their selfish purposes. † He is defending the common man and in doing so, he is also defending the Constitution. Equal Opportunity is also shown in Document F. South Carolina accepts the views of the non-slave states, but they realize the influence of of the non-slave states may be seen in the slave states, so they set restrictions on what they can print and publish in newspapers and pamphlets. They do not want the non-slave states to interrupt with their potential. The Jacksonian Democrats claimed to be defenders of the United States. They defended the Constitution, individual rights, and equal opportunity the best they could. But arguments and problems are always on the horizon, and sometimes defending them can turn someones actions on what they previously claimed their beliefs. For this, the Jacksonian Democrats were continuously challenged on their position on different subjects. How to cite President Jackson Guardian of the Constitution, Papers

The 1960 Republic of South Africa Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the 1960 Republic of South Africa. Answer: The 1960s Changes The 1960s was and still is a historical period in the history of the Republic of South Africa. The period was met with the implementation of the apartheid and the significant internal opposition. There arose discriminative racial policies and intense police violence and brutality. Several other events also ensued and included the neutralization of the political dissent through the declaration of the State of Emergency. There was also massive arrest, detention or even exile of the political activists. The political activities led the revolt against the implementation of the apartheid policies. The rebellion sought to derail the implementation plans and abolish the merging of the white minority rule. The revolt led to the massacre of some unarmed protesters, commonly known as the Sharpeville massacre. The massacre is perceived as South Africa's turning point. All these and many events that took place in South Africa led to many changes. In this respect, therefore, the primary role of t his paper is to discuss the social, political, cultural, and economic changes of the 1960s turbulence. Additionally, the paper will also assess the effects of these changes to the planners and planning as well as how the two responded to the changes. South Africa encountered numerous political changes, particularly, after the ban of the ANC (African National Congress) and PAC (Pan Africanist Congress) anti-apartheid movements (which took place after the Sharpeville Massacre) (Lissoni, 2008: 79). The ANC and PAC were, however, unwilling to yield to the ban. Consequently, there arose underground plans that continued the struggle. The ANC together with the South Africa Communist Party (SACP) formed the uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) while the PAC set up an armed group known as Poqo (Lissoni, 2008: 267). The South African government, on the other hand, were hard on the activists and other protesters hence it passed security laws that allowed the arrest, imprisonment, and detention of the activities. The political pressure from the government was overwhelming to the movement a factor that led some activities to go to exile. However, while in exile the SACP, PAC, and ANC established military training bases, camps, and offices (Lissoni, 2008: 4 4). Later, what ensued was the spread of the Anti Apartheid Movement to Holland, Sweden, Britain, and several other countries (Lissoni, 2008: 49). The formation of the liberation movements meant more pressure on the South African Government hence its inability to abolish apartheid. The 1960's apartheid had adverse effects on the economic growth of South Africa. The economic productivity and profitability in the country were primarily affected by the import substitution strategy (Bhattacharya and Lowenberg: 41). Moreover, the investors recorded lower profits and return on investment due to the discriminative labour. Essentially, investors and other savers were unwilling to invest in long term projects thereby reducing the investment rate in physical capital (Marais, 2013: 53). Similarly, the education policies of 1960 are led to minimal human capital investment particularly on black workforce (Bhattacharya and Lowenberg: 40). Therefore, there was no equilibrium between the human and the physical capital. Additionally, South Africa experienced both social and cultural segregation. Segregation permeated every aspect of life including schools, transport, trading, settlements, work places, public social places (beaches, theatres, and beaches), and churches (Clark and Worger: 36). Evidently, the whites and the non-whites were not permitted to socialize, relate or mix whatsoever. Blacks, therefore, were unequal to whites. The latter was treated with respect and prestige (Walker, 2000: 263). Moreover, there was an Act that prohibited mixed marriages between the whites and the people of colour (Clark and Worger: 40). Another Act, the Group Areas Act (1950) divided the country into different areas which were later occupied by various racial groups. The law according to Worden (1996: 1017) played the apartheid's primary role of laying the foundation for which social separation was made upon. The social, cultural, economic, and political changes had adverse impacts on planners and planning. In other words, the planners and planning were directly affected by these changes. Firstly, the recognition of planning profession was difficult (Coetzee and Retief, 2013: 39). For this reason, the planning was difficult, and the planners had, therefore, to rely on the South Africa national government not only to write a draft but also to implement the policies. Moreover, Coetzee and Retief (2013: 39) contend that the planners secured employment in the local, provincial or the national government. For this reason, the planners and planning were affected directed in that the planners could not go against the government policies. Thus, the national level planners played a key role in perpetuating the apartheid planning policies. Other times, the planners were bestowed the responsibility of drafting and legislating these policies. Nonetheless, Coetzee and Retie (2013: 39) noted the contra diction that existed in the planning schools and among the planners. Some planners willingly supported the apartheid policies while others were opposed to them though they had to fulfil their roles as mandated by the government. Some planning schools also opposed the apartheid planning policies as well other planning that promoted apartheid and segregation. The response of the planners to the mentioned changes seems to have followed the political waves that swept South Africa in 1960s. As aforementioned, planners were employed by the government. This translates to the fact that they responded to the government apartheid policies. Some politicians and planners, however, believed that the planning process allowed political and public participation (Coetzee and Retief, 2013: 51). Nonetheless, the closure of South Africa to the rest of the world, the planners did not prioritize the trends that allowed public participation (Rugui, 2015: 37). In conclusion, it is arguable that South Africa experienced social, political, cultural, and economic changes in the 1960s. Although there may be some benefits, the country encountered adverse effects especially with the emergence of the apartheid era. These changes saturated all aspects of life. The changes mainly affected those against apartheid while they benefited the proposers. As a consequence of these outcomes, planning and planners were also affected. Planning as a profession and planners as professionals were affected by these changes since they were expected to pledge allegiance to the government. For this reason, some planners were left without an option other than fulfil their duties at the expense of propagating apartheid policies. Others including planning schools were opposed to these policies. The Government's immense influence on planners and planning affected the manner in which the public participated in the drafting of policies that directly affected them. References Bhattacharya, R. and Lowenberg, A.D., (2010). Impact of apartheid on economic growth: implications and empirical evidence from South Africa. Comparative Economic Studies, 52(1), pp.38-61. Coetzee, J., and Retief, M. (2013).Cities to be Tamed? Standards and Alternative in the Transformation of Urban South Conference Proceedings. The Journal of Urbanisation, (26)1: 38-54. Clark, N.L. and Worger, W.H., (2016). South Africa: The rise and fall of apartheid. Routledge. Lissoni, A., (2008). The South African Liberation Movements in Exile, c. 19451970. PhD., University of London. Marais, H., (2013). South Africa pushed to the limit: The political economy of change. Zed Books Ltd.. Rugui, P., (2015). Review Amendment of the Planning Profession Act (36 of 2002). Walker, V.S., (2000). Valued segregated schools for African American children in the South, 1935-1969: A review of common themes and characteristics. Review of Educational Research, 70(3), pp.253-285. Worden, N., (1996). The making of modern South Africa: Conquest, segregation and apartheid. The English Historical Review, 111(443), pp.1016-1018.

Business to Business Marketing

Executive Summary Industrial marketing is the practice where commercial entities facilitate the trade of their goods and services to other businesses that use them as production components or to support their functions.Industrial marketing is fairly different from consumer marketing in that its channel of distribution is relatively shorter and the contacts tend to be more personal.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business to Business Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Industrial marketing can be enhanced when both parties work together to come up with a strategy that will satisfy all of them. These interactions increase the parties’ willingness to manage and share risks and reward that result from the transactions. The long-term and short-term partnership between companies and their clients is what is known as industrial seller-buyer relationship. The methodological approach to this study follows a company case analysis. The host company is Emirates Metals Company. The study describes and analyses the company-client relationship in accordance to the existing models. The case study explores Emirates Metal’s situation in relation to its clients and how its relationship with this client is developed and handled. The case study also provides an insight and relevant illustrations of the marketing problems facing this company. The primary data sources in the case study comprised of questionnaires, interviews, texts and documents. Informal adaptations can improve the long standing relationship between the company and its clients. In addition, institutionalization of company-client relationship should not be confined to the relationship alone but to all other aspects of the company’s operation and transactions with other clients. Introduction Definition of B2B Marketing Business marketing is the practice where commercial entities or organizations (private or public) fa cilitate the trade of their goods and services to other businesses or organizations that use them as production components or to support their functions. Business to business marketing is also known as industrial marketing or B2B marketing (Dwyer and John 4). Industrial marketing in most cases is a derived demand, i.e., demand in industrial markets in most cases exists because of demand in other markets. For instance, demand for nuclear technology in a country can be as a result of high electricity demand from the populace (Dwyer and John 5). Even though on the surface the distinction between B2B marketing and consumer marketing appear to be obvious, there are additional understated distinction between the two with considerable implications. According to Dwyer and John the channel of distribution for B2B marketing is generally shorter and more direct (6). Business transactions or negations in B2B marketing tend to be more personal as compared to consumer marketing which targets a la rge number of people at once.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most B2B marketers usually commit only a small portion of their budget to promotional activities. The most preferred promotional tools in B2B marketing are direct mail efforts and business journals. Even though promotional activities are limited in B2B marketing, they often help companies to establish successful sales call (Anderson and James 28). However how different B2B marketing and consumer marketing are, they share common basic marketing principles. Within the two marketing environment, the marketers must always equate the strength of their products and services in accordance to the needs of the target market. They must also position and align the prices of their products and services with the market. Lastly, they must communicate and sell their products and services in a fashion that exhibits value to the target market (Dwyer and John 7). Business to business sales characteristically entails many decision makers given the structural complexity of many organizations. B2b marketing is very unique and this affects its marketing mix. B2B exceptionality includes the complexity of the products and services, multiplicity of demand, and distinctive nature of sales which involves fewer customers buying large volumes of products and services. Since B2B sale involves a number of significant intricacies, it goes beyond the conventional 4Ps (Anderson and James 35). The growth of B2B marketing in the world is being prompted by three fundamental revolutions. The first revolution is technological advancement which has led to the development of new products and services. Business strategies and technology are highly correlated. The second revolution is on the entrepreneurship. Over the recent past, a number of companies have undergone restructuring in order to stay competitive in the local and global market. Adaptableness, flexibility, assertiveness and innovativeness are very significance in maintaining competitive edge. B2B marketing is taking entrepreneurship to another level by discovering new market segment, unexploited needs and uses of the current products and services, and developing new marketing strategies (Dwyer and John 13). The third revolution involves the overall changes that are taking place in the market itself. Companies have begun to look past the traditional models and concepts. They are backing off from mass marketing and obsession with transactions. They are adapting their marketing strategies to individual accounts (Dwyer and John 14). The new literatures on B2B marketing are challenging the traditional approach on industrial marketing and purchasing. The traditional approaches emphasized on narrow analysis of single isolated transaction. However, the new studies focus on the significance of the relationship between buyers and sellers in the B2B market. T hese relationships are usually close, durable and may involve intricate pattern of interactions between businesses or companies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business to Business Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new literatures also challenge the traditional view of B2B marketing as a manipulation of marketing mix variables to realize a response from a widespread, and by inference inactive market. They emphasize on the importance of examining the interaction between buyers and sellers where either of the parties may be taking more active role in the business deal (Anderson and James 37). The purpose of the study This study aims at exploring the development of industrial buyer- seller relationship among the companies in the Gulf Region. The main aim of the study is achieved through a case study analysis of a company within the gulf region. The case study is narrowed down to a specific companyâ⠂¬â„¢s situation in relation to its clients and how its relationship with the client is developed and handled. The case study will also provide an insight and relevant illustrations of the marketing problems facing the company under study. Defining Industrial seller-client Relationships Most literatures have conceived that companies use either long-term relationship marketing or short-term transactional approaches to industrial buyer-seller relationship. However, only a few of these literatures have managed to define this relationship very well (Bolton 45). Hakansson defines industrial buyer-seller relationship as a vibrant process in which sellers /suppliers intermingle with their potential, existing, or former clients. He stresses that these relationships are in form of partnerships in which representatives of both parties work together to come up with a strategy that will satisfy all the parties. These interactions increase the parties’ willingness to manage and share risk s and reward that result from the transactions. In addition, the contacts can be formal or informal (Hakansson 6). The models for industrial buyer-seller relation process are drawn from diverse fields. For instance, the model suggested by Dwyer and John is based on the contemporary contract law. On the other hand, the psychologists’ exchange theory is based on the marketing literatures and other behavioral science disciplines related to marketing. There are three most common approaches for analyzing development of buyer-seller relationships namely: joining theory, stages theory, and states theory. The stages theory is further classified into life-cycle models and growth stage-models (Bolton 47).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Joining theory is based on the position a new company takes when entering a business to business network. This determines the success of the relationship and the network of which the relationship exists will function. It also influences the direction in which the relationship and entire network in which the relationship is part of will process. Companies within a network can change their position and walk out of the network and, as a result end the relationship they share with an industrial buyer or seller. The original position, nevertheless, determines how new entrants may change their position inside the network and therefore, develop relationships. However, this theory has not yet been tasted (Bolton 49). Stages theory argues that industrial buyer-seller relationships’ development, growth, or process takes place in a chronological manner for long period of time. This model is further classified into life-cycle models and growth stage models. These two models are classifie d based on the five-stage classification for industrial buyer-seller relationships namely: pre-relationship stage, attraction stage, formation stage, expansion stage, and ending stage. Pre-relationship stage is where the buyers and sellers are not yet in contact but are aware of the existence of each other. Attraction stage is where either of the parties contacts each other to start discussions on impending partnership, sales or purchase. Formation stage is where the operation of the relationship occurs. In the expansion stage, the customs developed during the formation stage are standardized. The ending stage is where the industrial buyer-seller relationship lapses (Bolton 50). Case study Introduction This section covers the theoretical and methodological approach used in the study and the exploration of the host company-Emirates Steel. The methodological approach to this study is company case analysis. In this case study, we describe and analyze the company-client relationship in accordance to the models presented above. The case study demonstrates how the models are developed and applied in a real life situation. However, this case study will be narrowed down to a particular company’s situation in relation to its clients and how its relationship with this client is developed and handled. The case study also provides an insight and relevant illustrations of the marketing problems facing the company under study. The company chosen deals with sensitive technological products and therefore, we are obliged to withhold the name of the product and clients in accordance with the company’s policy. The primary data sources in the case study comprised of questionnaires, interviews, texts, and documents. The use of in-depth, questionnaire and examples was considered by the researcher to be the best means of capturing both perspectives, allowing each contributor a safe, confidential and ample space in which to express their views and opinions. In addition, in-depth interviews would provide a depth and breadth of understanding, satisfying the primary research objectives. However, this method is not without challenges for the researcher: the lack of structure requires a skilful approach by the researcher in order to elicit the required information in an unbiased fashion; in-depth interviews can be time consuming and costly; the interpretation and analysis of respondent contribution can be difficult and time consuming; and non-verbal communication, such as body language must also be interpreted. Emirates Metals This is a case study of a medium sized company producing unfinished and semi-finished products that are used by other companies for production. The company supplies product/production technology to its clients. Emirates metal is a gulf company based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Emirates Metal sells its product globally and their client includes companies in the aerospace business, all-purpose engineering, chemical and petr ochemical industry, and electrical/electronic industry. The success of the company is attributed to its strategy of being a ‘complete range merchant’. Emirates metal has always emphasized on flexibility in production at the cost of output rates. The pursuit of this goal has seen the company produce over 1000 different products at the moment (Corporate Information Sheet1). Although the company has monopolized the Middle East market, the company experiences stiff competition from a number of European and American companies that sell their products in the gulf region. In the past two decades the company has witnessed cyclical fluctuations in the sale of its semi-finished products. Nevertheless, despite of the global financial crisis it has managed a pre-tax return on assets of 13 percent (Corporate Information Sheet1). The company’s sales operations are divided into three: sales manager-UAE responsible for 60 percent of the total sales; sales manager-Middle East res ponsible for 20 percent of the total sales and; sales Manager-Far East responsible for the remaining 20 percent. The marketing managers are in charge of all the marketing operations, engineering applications, media hype, and marketing research (Corporate Information Sheet2). Emirates metal experienced numerous challenges in the distribution of its products during the first stages of its production. For instance, in the Far East, the company had to combine agents and distributors in the early 80s. The company offered engineering applications but had no commercial participation in sales. As a result, the company had no power on pricing in the market and this fronted artificial pricing structure and reduction in the market share. The situation did not improve even with the appointment of more distributors. In addition, mergers amongst the Middle East companies dealing with the same products increased competition in the market. The addition of more distributors did very little to motiva te the existing ones or to enhance the company’s overall penetration in the Middle East market (Corporate Information Sheet3). In the late 80s Emirates Metal detached some of its products and most important customers from its distributors in the gulf region. These products and customers were now being controlled from headquarter in Abu Dhabi. The overall situation faced by the company in its markets was as follows: The company had many customers (actual and potential) that it had no knowledge of. It also experienced stiff competition particularly on prices, for large customers who frequently bought commodity products. The company’s strategy at the time was to handle large customers from its main sales offices. Sales offices in some countries acted as ‘post office’ for customized products, which were being handled from the main office. Small customers and volume of products were handled by the distributors (Corporate Information Sheet1). Industrial seller-b uyer relationship in UAE UAE demonstrates another aspect of the budding market structure facing Emirates Metal. The company was among the first companies in the country to develop specific metal products for high duty applications. In addition, the entire marketing approaches for these products are based on close relationship with the clients especially in the development of new products that are customized for particular applications. The cost of developing these products are not charged on individual clients but are included in the final prices negotiated on delivery of the product (Corporate Information Sheet 4). The company’s main competitors in UAE, for instance, Ras Al Khaimah and Fujairah, produce more wider range of products than Emirates Metal and employ more flexible marketing approach to fill their capacity for different sorts of products. However, these competitors lacked the technical capacity that the company has. The company’s problem over price competit ion got worse by other three additional factors. These factors include existence of employees who had more technical ability than sales. In addition, the company had more contact wit the designers than individual clients. This means that Emirates Metal’s work development with the clients was relatively ignored during the final stages of product negotiation (Corporate Information Sheet 4). Lastly, the products that were being manufactured by the company were increasingly being used in more regular applications, demanding modest or negative work development. Flexibility in distribution and price competition was more significant than the technical skills that the company had. Nonetheless, the company’s main customers in UAE are mainly in for products with technical specifications. Initially, the company could not meet these specifications despite of the price level charged. The relationships with these customers have lasted several decades without any major product failur e and sales are now running into millions of dollars (Corporate Information Sheet 4). The customers have pinned their loyalty on the company’s reputation and product quality. The strong customer loyalty nearly made the company to believe that they are ‘totally sold’ and that the cost of shifting to another supplier would make them reluctant. In other words, the UAE customers rely on the company’s strengths, for instance, its technical ability and close relationship with the clients. However, the company has experienced numerous problems when operating in markets where price competition is more significant, while technical competency matters very little. The nature of this relationship can be analyzed by exploring a market with high technology customers where the company sells its products. Examples of the markets with high technology customers are China and India (Corporate Information Sheet 5). Industrial seller-buyer relationship in China The study only focuses on the three aspects of the company’s relationship with the client. The name of the customer and the product remains anonymous according to the company’s policy. This customer is the company’s largest and is responsible for approximately a quarter of company’s business in China. The customer operates in the aerospace business on the limitation of the contemporary technology. Emirates Metal’s relationship with this company is substantial based on development liaison on entirely new products. Emirates Metal’s major competitors for this customer come principally from Chinese suppliers. The competition is based mainly on the price and production spread in the Chinese industry. The same case is true for UAE companies with larger spare capacity than Emirates Metal’s. This client has always depended on the company only for development work for its product. Although, the customer have often gave the impression of looking for other sup pliers when development has taken place. The process of development for the new product is normally initiated either by the government development contract or through the client’s order. In the latter case, Emirates Metal stands the cost of development. This client has detailed knowledge of the company’s procedures. The company client relationship is so close to an extent that they normally make an agreement on the manufacturing methods and production machinery to be used. This relationship is indicated by the fact that the client has endorsed the company’s quality and testing procedures. The contact between the company and this client is both formal and informal. Every six months the technical policy liaison committee normally sits and is chaired by the company’s technical director and the client’s chief material manager. Within the same period, commercial meeting is normally held chaired by the company’s managing director, marketing direct ors and sales manager. The same meeting is also attended by the client’s purchasing director and senior purchasing staff. Emirates Metal’s sales manager often visits the client’s purchasing staff to chat about delivery and order positions. In addition, employees from the company’s sales department have to contact the customer on a daily basis. Emirates Metal’s application engineer is permanently stationed at the client’s premise. The engineer is responsible for any hitch experienced from the equipments sold to the client. The company has also assigned two employees to determine market trends and to contact the client’s marketing staff and client’s consumers. Industrial seller-buyer relationship in India In this case, we also focus on an Indian company in the aerospace industry whose relationship with Emirates Metal’s is directly handled from UAE. The product supplied to the Indian client is similar to that of the custome r in China. Even though this client only accounts for 10 percent of the India’s sale, the sales represents over 60 percent of the client’s product requirement. The most significant feature of the product sold to this client is that it complies with the client’s specification. There is zero tolerance on specification, though price fluctuations can be permitted. However, there are constraints on the price fluctuations since there are several competing companies that have a spare capacity for this product. Correspondingly, ability to meet delivery promise is important but the speed of delivery is not that important. The Indian client is not on the same level of technology as the client in China. This means that the company is not under any pressure to modify its product standards or production methods for this particular customer. Both the company and the client have not seen the need to modify the product to suit each others needs. There are few incidents where th e client had modified its production plan to meet the company’s requirement. The client had also asked the company to resolve some problems particularly when launching new materials. The Indian client does not receive much attention as the client in China. This means the level of contact between the company and this client was fairly minimal. However, the contact between the company and this client is a little bit complex. The routine contacts are handled by the company’s area representative who is based in New Delhi. Other contacts are from application engineers, product management staff, mercantile staff, and the quality control and dispatch staff. Application engineers tackle product dynamics and market research. Product development staff deals with new products and opportunities. Commercial staff is responsible for delivery arrangement and price negotiations. In total, the company has assigned approximately 15 individuals for this particular client. On the other ha nd, the client has assigned thirty members of staff to contact the company on regular basis. The contacts from the staff include purchasing manager, material laboratory manager, and design engineers. Case Analysis The case study demonstrates how the company copes up with different changes in its market. These changes influence the nature of the company’s relationship with it customers. Traditionally, Emirates Metal’s relationship with its clients has been pegged on its technical excellence for development work. Most of the Emirates Metal’s competitors, both locally and globally, can now match the company’s strength in this area. The company’s products at the moment are used by a wider range of clients and products where they are regarded to be tailored for their applications. However, the increased availability of tailored products and the decrease in demand for technical development has caused price and delivery to become a fundamental factor in d ecision-making. These changes have enhanced the significance of distributive intermediaries for the company since it depends more on the delivery ability instead of its problem solving ability. The company’s production capacity is strongly associated with its customary policies of development and the production of a wide range of diverse products within a given area of production. Nonetheless, these skills no longer dictates the price premium as they used to, and the company is not able to achieve production efficiency of its rivals who have production facilities that operates at a superior capacity, though they are specialized in a small range of products. An extreme instances of informal adaptations pegged on trust and loyalty is exemplified by the company’ client in China. The company designs and develops customized products for most of its clients. The cost of development is normally incurred by the company despite of the fact that there is no contractual obligatio n on the part of the client to purchase the subsequent product. Nonetheless, the company has always been able to recover these costs by including it on the final product price. The company’s relationships with its client have a considerable impact on the organization as a whole. The expectation of the company and the role of the clients in the relationship have developed over a long period of time. In marketing, this is known as institutionalization. The most distinctive feature of institutionalization is the separation of the technical aspects of the company-client relationship from the commercial aspects (Anderson and James 75). This means that the two parties can carry out a joint technical problem-solving operation separately from the subsequent business-related negotiation over production. This is specifically relevant in the company’s relationship with the UAE clients, where the company’s work development have had very little impact on the actual sales to clients. The separation was overtly traded on by Emirates Metal’s competitors and the company was somehow susceptible to price war after the development phase. The institutionalized prototype from company’s long-standing relationship has left it with a marketing organization and philosophy that matches its technical development and service requirements (Corporate Information Sheet 13). The company’s marketing director has faced a lot of difficulty in changing the company from its institutionalized operations. Originally, the organization was ideologically opposed to engaging in price wars with its rivals. Emirates Metal’s previous operations have been based on the belief that clients are prepared to pay a reasonable price for the company’s products and services. Increased focus on delivery and price competition nearly resulted into some conflict with the company’s staff handling the traditional clients. Emirates Metal’s policy changes have focused more on the client in the early stages of the relationship and much more emphasis on the actual cost of work development carried out. The company has had problems in managing its long standing development relationships in an attempt to achieve the best relationship with its clients. On one hand, this involves efforts to persuade its clients of its continuing devotion to their relationship. On the other hand striving to make their clients aware of and compete for the available company’s resources. Conclusion The case study demonstrates the level to which informal adaptations can improve the long standing relationship between the company and its clients. It also illustrates how institutionalization of company-client relationship should not be confined to the relationship alone but to all other aspects of the Emirates Metal’s operations and transactions with other clients. In other words, institutionalization constitutes the experience that the company shoul d extend to all other forms of relationships with its clients. The case study also demonstrates the importance to both clients and company of limitation on the contact and demeanor of a relationship. Lastly, it demonstrates the limitations placed on long standing relationships by the market dynamics and the need for the company to adjust its relationship management in accordance with these market dynamics. Works Cited Anderson, James and James Narus. Business Market Management: Understanding, Creating, and Delivering Value.2nd ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc, 2004. Print. Bolton, Ruth. â€Å"A Dynamic Model of Customers’ Usage of Services: Usage as an Antecedent and Consequence of Satisfaction†, Marketing Science 17.1 (1998): 45-65. Print. Corporate Information Sheet. Emirates Steel: The backbone of construction, Abu Dhabi: Emirates Steel Inc. Print. Dwyer, Robert and John Tanner. Business Marketing: Connecting Strategy, Relationships, and Learning. 3rd ed. New Y ork: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2006. Print. Hakansson, Hakan. International Marketing and Purchasing of Industrial Goods: An Interaction Approach, Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, 1982. Print. This report on Business to Business Marketing was written and submitted by user Dario Snow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A day without a mexican essays

A day without a mexican essays Watching the movie , A Day Without a Mexican, made me realize that not only can we live without Mexicans in our lives, but probably every single human being of different race. God created all of us and we were brought to this Earth for a specific purpose, job, and/or task in life. Just like unique individuals, we have people of different race who were brought to do their own tasks on Earth. Im sure without different people; the world would be bland if we all looked the same. The world would also be empty without those who fill up the spaces in our lives. These are the people who work their equal share of labor to make our world revolve. People of the same race also have their own unique individual characteristics. Some stay true to their roots and some adapt to the environment that they have to be in. Like me, I am a Filipino but I was born and raised in Guam which is a U.S. territory. I was friends with more Chamorros (natives of Guam) and white people than I was with Filipinos. I pretty much grew up with both cultures. When I moved here to the mainland for almost three years already, I definitely changed and adapted to the environment and became more Americanized and what my friends call white washed. This refers to liking their music, people (males), lifestyle, clothing, etc. I like the American culture but I will never forget the culture that I mostly grew up with, the Guam culture. I also will definitely not forget my own culture as well. This example of mine is similar to some of the people in the movie, like the anchor woman who wasnt after all a Mexican. In her heart though, she was, because she g rew up as a Mexican and an American. Other characters in the story had interracial relationships which I believe is not bad at all considering I am more interested in the opposite sex out of my race. This shows that we are all divided but united ...

Concert report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concert report - Assignment Example When I walked into the church there were a bunch of chairs directly in front of the stage for the audience, but there were also two rows of chairs on the stage. This was so when the group of performers finished their parts then they could take a rest over there and watch the solo parts of the concert. The audience extremely enjoyed the concert because the Avanti Chamber Singers put on a great show for everyone. This concert was very special for me because it was the first time that I was privileged enough to hear a choir live. Throughout the first half of the program, I would have to say that three songs stood out to me, and all of them were composed by the Brock professor Matthew Therrien. The piece, titled "Requiem," created a warm and sweet image in my mind. The sounds of the violin and piano provided wonderful background music and made me really comfortable. When the female voice came in, I felt like many angels were singing the song at that moment. After the intermission, I would have to say that my most favorite piece was "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot." The reason is that it was one of the very few that I had already heard before that night. This song invoked a range of emotions for me, but I guess I enjoyed the deepness of the voices. It gave me a feeling like I was in church or something because it felt like there was power in the air. Although the song was repetitive in a way, I liked that the choir changed key for each new chorus so that it provided a new sound. The song is very old yet it is still powerful today, and I think that this shows the songs popularity too. This song would have to be my favorite of the night because I could just not resist getting up and clapping in time with the beat. If I had to choose one song for a movie sound track, then it would have to be "Aint Got Time to Die" by Hall Johnson. This song made a real impact on me because it gives hope where there does not seem to be any. I would use in a

E-learning as a Tool for Human Resource Management Essay

E-learning as a Tool for Human Resource Management - Essay Example But it really is the HR manager himself, who needs all these knowledge vis--vis his role of retaining all these bright employees and stemming the tide of employee dissatisfaction in the sphere of compensation, job motivation and morale. He must be constantly updated with all the latest techniques. He needs retraining himself in interpersonal and leadership skills and must bone up on actual case studies in order to learn from the failings or success of others and must improve his communication skills and find the possible causes for high turnover rates, if such is presently bedeviling the corporation itself. The heaviest load thrown in his shoulders, however, is the maximisation of employee performance. And this can be done by a sound and efficient organisation that keeps "all programs and initiatives aligned to a framework of increased performance" (Stockley 2005, p.1). Literature Review Many authors of HRM literature point out to e-learning as the panacea to all the above problems . Human resource management, itself is defined as "a set of interdependent personnel policies to maximise 4 objectives: organisational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality" (Clark 1993, p.3). E-learning, meanwhile, is defined as "learning facilitated and supported through the use of information and communications technology" (Lingham 2008, p.1). It is also "the "use of the internet or an organizational intranet to conduct training on-line". By intranet, he is referring to a... This essay stresses that HRM must deal with this aspect in conjunction with its traditional roles of recruitment, training, performance appraisal and salary administration. This paper declares that e-learning, meanwhile, is defined as â€Å"learning facilitated and supported through the use of information and communications technology†. It is also â€Å"the â€Å"use of the internet or an organizational intranet to conduct training on-line†. By intranet, he is referring to a â€Å"private organizational network behind firewall software that restricts access to authorised users, including employees participating in learning†. This is more germane to my proposal of the setting up of e-learning in banks and making it an effective tool for HRM. Today’s literature is replete with enthusiasm about this modern literacy that is permeating practically all facets of society. It is called a â€Å"technological revolution that is bringing democratic changes to our society† and describes how the US Education Department and independent research institutes and universities consider the urgency of the implementation to maximise the u se of e-learning in their organisations. E-learning since the last decades has already gained foothold in homes and thus virtually everybody is acquainted with it as people communicate with friends or loved ones through the internet or by e-mail. So it is not beyond comprehension that this could have myriads of uses and could be useful as tool for human resource management, specifically in banks.

History And Fundamental Concept Of Acoustic Music Essay

History And Fundamental Concept Of Acoustic Music Essay Acoustics is the study of the physical characteristics of sounds. Its deal with things like the frequency, amplitude and complexity of sound waves and how sound waves interact with various environments. It can also be refer casually and generally to the over-all quality of sound in a given place. Someone might say in a non-technical conversation: I like to perform at Smith Hall; the acoustics are very brights.   From the everyday sounds of speech, the hum of appliances, to the sounds caused by wind and water, we are immersed in an ocean of sounds. Yet, what is sound, and how do we hear it? Why do two instruments playing the same note sound different? In this lab you will learn the basics of the answers to these questions. To answer the later question, we will analyze sound as an audio engineer would, through a technique called harmonic analysis. Harmonic analysis allows sound to be understood from a quantitative perspective. Also, we will come to an understanding of why the way a computer analyses sound is similar to how our ears analyse sound. I will start this genre presentation by introducing the genre acoustic music. It isnt really a genre, as music played with acoustic instruments can sound very different, but I chose to call the post this, as acoustic music have many similarities. If you like these songs, you should really check out  Bedtime Tunes, which is a site only with songs like these. So without further ado, here are 11 songs with acoustic guitars, pianos, strings and beautiful voices: First here is Antony Hearty with his band  Antony and the Johnsons. Antony Hegarty is a very special person, he is transgendrous, and his voice is absolutely amazing. Unfortunately I havent seen him live, but Ive heard that almost all of the audience comes out from the concert crying Or Acoustics (from Greek pronounced acoustics meaning of or for hearing, ready to hear) is the science that studies sound, in particular its production, transmission, and effects. Sound can often be considered as something pleasant; an example of this would be music. In that case a main application is room acoustics, since the purpose of room acoustical design and optimisation is to make a room sound as good as possible. But some noises can also be unpleasant and make people feel uncomfortable. In fact noise reduction is a major challenge, particularly within the transportation industry as people are becoming more and more demanding. Furthermore ultrasounds also have applications in detection, such as sonar systems or non-destructive material testing. 2. History of acoustic If he first mentioned the Acoustique Art in his  Advancement of Learning  (1605), Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was drawing a distinction between the physical acoustics he expanded in the  Sylva Sylva rum  (1627) and the harmonics of the Pythagorean mathematical tradition. The Pythagorean tradition still survived in Bacons time in the works of such diverse people as Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-1590), Renà © Descartes (1596-1650), and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). In Bacons words: The nature of sounds, in some sort, [hath  been with some  diligence  inquired,] as far as concerneth music. But the nature of sounds in general hath been superficially observed. It is one of the subtlest pieces of nature. Bacons Acoustique Art was therefore concerned with the study of immusical sounds and with experiments in the migration in sounds so that the harnessing of sounds in buildings (architectural acoustics) by their enclosure in artificial channels inside the walls or in the environment (hydraulic acoustics). Aim of Baconian acoustics was to catalog,  quantify, and shape human space by means of sound. This stemmed from the  echometria,  an early modern tradition of literature on echo, as studied by the mathematicians Giuseppe Biancani (1566-1624), Marin Mersenne (1588-1648), and Daniello Bartoli (1608-1685), in which the model of optics was applied in acoustics to the behaviour of sound. It was in a sense a historical  antecedent  to Isaac Newtons (1642-1727) analogy between colours and musical tones in  Upticks  (1704). Athanasius Kirchers (1601-1680)  Phonurgia Nova  of 1673 was the outcome of this tradition. Attacking British acoustics traditions, Kirsches argued that the origin of the Acoustical Art lay in his own earlier experiments with sounding tubes at the Collegio Romano in 1649 and sketched the ideology of a Christian baroque science of acoustics designed to dominate the world by exploiting the boundless  powers of sound 17th-century empirical observations and mathematical explanations of the simultaneous vibrations of a string at different frequencies were important in the development of modern experimental acoustics. The earliest contribution in this branch of acoustics was made by Mersenne, who derived the mathematical law governing the physics of a vibrating string. Around 1673 Christian Huygens (1629-1695) estimated its absolute frequency, and in 1677 John Wallis (1616-1703) published a report of experiments on the overtones of a vibrating string. In 1692 Francis Roberts (1650-1718) followed with similar findings. These achievements paved the way for the 18th-century  acoustique  of Joseph Sauveur (1653-1716) and for the work of Brook Taylor (1685-1731), Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), Jean Le Rond d Alembert  (1717-1783), Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), and Giordani Riccati (1709-1790), who all attempted to determine mathematically the fundamental tone and the overtones of a  sonorous  body. Modern experimental acoustics sought in nature, a physical law of the sounding body, the perfect harmony that in the Pythagorean tradition sprang from the mind of the geometrizing God. Experimental epistemology in acoustics also influenced the studies of the anatomy and physiology of hearing, especially the work of Joseph-Guichard Duverney (1648-1730) and Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666-1723), that in the 19th century gave rise to physiological and psychological acoustics. 3. Fundamental concepts of acoustics The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception of mechanical waves and vibrations. The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or process. There are many kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into acoustic energy, producing the acoustic wave. There is one fundamental equation that describes acoustic wave propagation, but the phenomena that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The wave carries energy throughout the propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again into other forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived. The final effect may be purely physical or it may reach far into the biological or volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band playing in a rock concert. The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical acoustics. In  fluids, sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including  longitudinal waves,  transverse HYPERLINK http://www.answers.com/topic/transverse-wavewaves  and  surface waves. Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave. Transduction processes are also of special importance. 4. Application of Acoustics The science of sound and hearing. This treats the sonic qualities of rooms and buildings, and the transmission of sound by the voice, musical instruments or electric means. Voice is caused by vibration, which is communicated by the sound source to the air as fluctuations in pressure and then to the listeners ear-drum. The faster the vibration (or the greater its frequency) the higher the pitch. The greater the amplitude of the vibration, the louder the sound. Mostly musical sound consist not only of regular vibration at one particular frequency but also vibration at various multiples of that frequency. The frequency of middle C is 256 cycles per second (or Hertz, abbreviated Hz) but when one hears middle C there are components of the sound vibrating at 512 Hz, 768 Hz etc (see  Harmonics). The presence and relative strength of these harmonics determine the quality of a sound. The difference in quality, for example. between a flute, an oboe and a clarinet playing the same note is tha t the flutes tone is relatively pure (i.e. has few and weak harmonics), the oboe is rich in higher harmonics and the clarinet has a preponderance of odd-numbered harmonics. Their different harmonic spectra are caused primarily by the way the sound vibration is actuated (by the blowing of air across an edge with the flute, by the oboes double reed and the clarinets single reed) and by the shape of the tube. Where the players lips are the vibrating agent, as with most brass instruments, the tube can be made to sound not its fundamental note but other harmonics by means of the players lip pressure. The vibrating air column is only one of the standard ways of creating musical sound. The longer the column the lower the pitch; the players can raise the pitch by uncovering hole in the tubes. With that human voice, air is set in motion by means of the vocal cords, folds in the throat which convert the air stream from the lungs into sound; pitch is controlled by the size and shape of the cavities in the pharynx and mouth. For a string instrument, such as the violin, the guitar or the piano, the string is set in vibration by (respectively) bowing, plucking or striking; the tighter and thinner the string, the fasters it will vibrate. By pressing the string against the fingerboard and thus making the operative string-length shorter, the player can raise the pitch. With a percussion instrument, such as the drum or the xylophone, a membrane or a piece of wood is set in vibration by striking; sometimes the vibration is regular and gives a definite pitch but sometimes the pitch is indefinit e. In the recording of sound, the vibration patterns set up by the instrument or instruments to be recorded are encode by analogue (or, in recent recordings. digitally) in terms of electrical impulse. This information can then be stored, in mechanical or electrical form; this can then be decoded, amplified and conveyed to loudspeakers which transmit the same vibration pattern to the airs. The study of the acoustics of buildings is immensely complicated because of the variety of ways in which sound is conveyed, reflected, diffused, absorbed etc. The design of buildings for performances has to take account of such matters as the smooth and even representation of sound at all pitches in all parts of the building, the balance of clarity and blend and the directions in which reflected sound may impinge upon the audiences. The use of particular material (especially wood and artificial acoustical substances) and the breaking-up of surfaces, to avoid certain types of reflection of sounds, play a part in the design of concert halls, which however remains an uncertain art in which experimentation and tuning (by shifting surface, by adding resonators etc.) is often necessary. The term acoustic is sometimes used, of a recording or an instrument, to mean not electric: an acoustic recording is one made before electric methods came into use, and an acoustic guitar is one not electri cally amplified. 4.1 Theory of acoustic The area of physics known as acoustics is devoted to the study of the production, transmission, and reception of sound. Thus, wherever sound is produced and transmitted, it will have an effect some whereas, even if there is no one present to hear it. The medium of sound transmissions is an all-important, key factor. Among the areas addressed within the realm of acoustics are the production of sounds by the human sounds and various instrument, as like the reception of sound waves by the human ear. 5. Working concept of acoustic Sound waves are an example of a larger phenomenon known as wave motion, and wave motion is, in turn, a subset of harmonic motion-that is, repeated movement of a particle about a position of equilibrium, or balance. In the case of sound, the particle is not an item of matter, but of energy, and wave motion is a type of harmonic movement that carries energy from one place to another without actually moving any matter. Particles in waves experience  oscillation, harmonic motion in one or more dimensions. Oscillation itself involves little movement, though some particles do move short distances as they interact with other particles. Primarily, however, it involves only movement in place. The waves themselves, on the other hand, move across space, ending up in a position different from the one in which they started. A  transverse  wave forms a regular up-and-down pattern in which the oscillation is  perpendicular  to the direction the wave is moving. This is a fairly easy type of wave to visualize: imagine a curve moving up and down along a straight line. Sound waves, on the other hand, are  longitudinal  waves, in which oscillation occurs in the same direction as the wave itself. These oscillations are really just fluctuations in pressure. As a sound wave moves through a medium such as air, these changes in pressure cause the medium to experience alternations of density and rarefaction  (a decrease in density). It , in turn, produces vibrations in the human ear or in any other object that receives the sound waves. 5.1 Properties of Sound Waves 5.1.1 Cycle and Period The term cycle has a definition that varies slightly, depending on whether the type of motion being discussed is oscillation, the movement of transverse waves, or the motion of a longitudinal sound wave. In the latter case, a cycle is defined as a single complete  vibration. A period (represented by the symbol  T) is the amount of time required to complete one full cycle. The period of a sound wave can be mathematically related to several other aspects of wave motion, including wave speed, frequency, and  wavelength. 5.1.2 The Speed of Sound in Various Medium People often refer to the speed of sound as though this were a fixed value like the speed of light, but, in fact, the speed of sound is a function of the medium through which it travels. What people ordinarily  mean by the speed of sound is the speed of sound through air at a specific temperature. For sound travelling at sea level, the speed at 32 °F (0 °C) is 740 MPH (331 m/s), and at 68 °F (20 °C), it is 767 MPH (343 m/s). In the essay on  aerodynamics, the speed of sound for aircraft was given at 660 MPH (451 m/s). This is much less than the figures given above for the speed of sound through air at sea level, because obviously, aircraft are not flying at sea level, but well above it, and the air through which they pass is well below freezing temperature. The speed of sound through a gas is proportional to the square root of the pressure divided by the density. According to Gay-Lussacs law, pressure is directly related to temperature, meaning that the lower the pressure, the lower the temperature-and vice versa. At high altitudes, the temperature is low, and, therefore, so is the pressure; and, due to the relatively small gravitational pull that Earth exerts on the air at that height, the density is also low. Hence, the speed of sound is also low. It follows that the higher the pressure of the material, and the greater the density, the faster sound travels through it: thus sound travels faster through a liquid than through a gas. This might seem a bit surprising: at first  glance, it would seem that sound travels fastest through air, but only because we are just more  accustomed  to hearing sounds that travel through that medium. The speed of sound in water varies from about 3,244 MPH (1,450 m/s) to about 3,355 MPH (1500 m/s). Sound travels even faster through a solid-typically about 11,185 MPH (5,000 m/s)-than it does through a liquid. 5.1.3 Frequency Frequency (abbreviated  f) is the number of waves passing through a given point during the interval of one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz), named after nineteenth-century German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) and a Hertz is equal to one cycle of oscillation per second. Higher frequencies are expressed in terms of  kilohertz  (kHz; 103  or 1,000 cycles per second) or  megahertz(MHz; 106  or 1 million cycles per second.) The human ear is capable of hearing sounds from 20 to approximately 20,000 Hz-a relatively small range for a mammal, considering that bats, whales, and dolphins can hear sounds at a frequency up to 150  kHz. Human speech is in the range of about 1 kHz, and the 88 keys on a piano vary in frequency from 27 Hz to 4,186 Hz. Each note has its own frequency, with middle C (the white key in the very middle of a piano keyboard) at 264 Hz. The quality of harmony or  dissonance  when two notes are played together is a function of the relationship between the frequencies of the two. Frequencies below the range of human  audibility  are called  infrasound, and those above it are referred to as  ultrasound. There are a number of practical applications for  ultrasonic  technology in medicine, navigation, and other fields. 5.1.4 Wavelength Wavelength (represented by the symbol ÃŽÂ », the Greek letter lambda) is the distance between a crest and the adjacent crest, or a trough and an adjacent trough, of a wave. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength, and vice versa. Thus, a frequency of 20 Hz, at the bottom end of human audibility, has a very large wavelength: 56 ft. (17 m). The top end frequency of 20,000 Hz is only 0.67 inches (17 mm). There is a special type of high-frequency sound wave beyond ultrasound: hyper sound, which has frequencies above 107  MHz, or 10 trillion Hz. It is almost impossible for hyper sound waves to travel through all but the densest media, because their wavelengths are so short. In order to be transmitted properly, hyper sound requires an extremely tight molecular structure; otherwise, the wave would get lost between molecules. Wavelengths of visible light, part of the electromagnetic spectrum, have a frequency much higher even than hyper sounds waves: about 109  MHz, 100 times greater than for hyper sound. This, in turn, means that these wavelengths are incredibly small, and this is why light waves can easily be blocked out by using ones hand or a  curtain. The same does not hold for sound waves, because the wavelengths of sounds in the range of human audibility are comparable to the size of ordinary objects. To block out a sound wave, one needs something of much greater dimensions-width, height, and depth-than a mere cloth curtain. A thick concrete wall, for instance, may be enough to block out the waves. Better still would be the use of materials that absorb sound, such as cork, or even the use of machines that produce sound waves which destructively interfere with the offending sounds. 5.1.5 Amplitude and Intensity Amplitude is critical to the understanding of sound, though it is mathematically independent from the parameters so far discussed. Defined as the maximum displacement of a vibrating material, amplitude  is the size of a wave. The greater the amplitude, the greater the energy the wave contains: amplitude indicates intensity, commonly known as volume, which is the rate at which a wave moves energy per unit of a cross-sectional area. Intensity can be measured in watts per square meter, or W/m2. A sound wave of minimum intensity for human audibility would have a value of 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢12, or 0.000000000001, W/m2. As a basis of comparison, a person speaking in an ordinary tone of voice generates about 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢4, or 0.0001, watts. On the other hand, a sound with an intensity of 1 W/m2  would be powerful enough to damage a persons ears. 5.2 Real-Life Applications 5.2.1 Decibel Levels For measuring the intensity of a sound as experienced by the human ear, we use a unit other than the watt per square meter, because ears do not respond to sounds in a linear, or straight-line, progression. If the intensity of a sound is doubled, a person perceives a greater intensity, but nothing approaching twice that of the original sound. Instead, a different system-known in mathematics as a logarithmic scale-is applied. In measuring the effect of sound intensity on the human ear, a unit called the  decibel  (abbreviated dB) is used. A sound of minimal audibility (10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢12  W/m2) is assigned the value of 0 dB, and 10 dB is 10 times as great-10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢11  W/m2. But 20 dB is not 20 times as intense as 0 dB; it is 100 times as intense, or 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢10  W/m2. Every increase of 10 dB thus indicates a  tenfold  increase in intensity. Therefore, 120 dB, the maximum decibel level that a human ear can endure without experiencing damage, is not 120 times as great as the minimal level for audibility, but 1012  (1  trillion) times as great-equal to 1 W/m2, referred to above as the highest safe intensity level. Of course, sounds can be much louder than 120 dB: a rock band, for instance, can generate sounds of 125 dB, which is 5 times the maximum safe decibel level. A gunshot,  firecracker, or a jet-if one is exposed to these sounds at a sufficiently close proximity-can be as high as 140 dB, or 20 times the maximum safe level. Nor is 120 dB safe for prolonged periods: hearing experts indicate that regular and repeated exposure to even 85 dB (5 less than a lawn  mower) can cause permanent damage to ones hearing. 5.3 Production of Sound Waves 5.3.1 Musical Instruments Sound waves are vibrations; thus, in order to produce sound, vibrations must be produced. For a stringed instrument, such as a guitar,  harp, or piano, the strings must be set into vibration, either by the musicians fingers or the mechanism that connects piano keys to the strings inside the case of the piano. In other woodwind instruments and horns, the musician causes vibrations by blowing into the mouthpiece. The exact process by which the vibrations emerge as sound differs between woodwind instruments, such as a  clarinet  or  saxophone  on the one hand, and brass instruments, such as a trumpet or  trombone  on the other. Then there is a drum or other percussion instrument, which produces vibrations, if not musical notes. 5.3.2 Electronic Amplification Sound is a form of energy: thus, when an automobile or other machine produces sound  incidental  to its operation, this actually represents energy that is lost. Energy itself is conserved, but not all of the energy put into the machine can ever be realized as useful energy; thus, the automobile loses some energy in the form of sound and heat. The fact that sound is energy, however, also means that it can be converted to other forms of energy, and this is precisely what a  microphone  does: it receives sound waves and converts them to electrical energy. These electrical signals are transmitted to an  amplifier, and next to a  loudspeaker, which turns electrical energy back into sound energy-only now, the intensity of the sound is much greater. Inside a loudspeaker is a  diaphragm, a thin, flexible disk that vibrates with the intensity of the sound it produces. When it pushes outward, the diaphragm forces nearby air molecules closer together, creating a high-pressure region around the loudspeaker. (Remember, as stated earlier, that sound is a matter of fluctuations in pressure.) The diaphragm is then pushed backward in response, freeing up an area of space for the air molecules. These, then, rush toward the diaphragm, creating a low-pressure region behind the high-pressure one. The loudspeaker thus sends out alternating waves of high and low pressure, vibrations on the same frequency of the original sound. 5.3.3 The Human Voice As impressive as the electronic means of sound production are (and of course the description just given is highly simplified), this technology pales in comparison to the greatest of all sound-producing mechanisms: the human voice. Speech itself is a highly complex physical process, much too involved to be discussed in any depth here. For our present purpose, it is important only to recognize that speech is essentially a matter of producing vibrations on the vocal cords, and then transmitting those vibrations. Before a person speaks, the brain sends signals to the vocal cords, causing them to  tighten. As speech begins, air is forced across the vocal cords, and this produces vibrations. The action of the vocal cords in producing these vibrations is, like everything about the miracle of speech,  exceedingly involved: at any given moment as a person is talking, parts of the vocal cords are opened, and parts are closed. The sound of a persons voice is affected by a number of factors: the size and shape of the sinuses and other cavities in the head, the shape of the mouth, and the placement of the teeth and tongue. These factors influence the production of specific frequencies of sound, and result in differing vocal qualities. Again, the mechanisms of speech are highly complicated, involving action of the diaphragm (a partition of muscle and tissue between the chest and  abdominal  cavities),  larynx, pharynx,  glottis, hard and soft palates, and so on. But, it all begins with the production of vibrations. 6. Propagation: Does It Make a Sound As stated in the introduction, acoustics is concerned with the production, transmission (sometimes called propagation), and reception of sound. Transmission has already been examined in terms of the speed at which sound travels through various media. One aspect of sound transmission needs to be reiterated, however: for sound to be propagated, there must be a medium. There is an age-old philosophical question that goes something like this: If a tree falls in the woods and there is no one to hear it, does it make a sound? In fact, the question is not a matter of philosophy at all, but of physics, and the answer is, of course, yes. As the tree falls, it releases energy in a number of forms, and part of this energy is manifested as sound waves. Consider, on the other hand, this rephrased version of the question: If a tree falls in a vacuum-an area completely  devoid  of matter, including air-does it make a sound? The answer is now a qualified no: certainly, there is a release of energy, as before, but the sound waves cannot be transmitted. Without air or any other matter to carry the waves, there is literally no sound. Hence, there is a great deal of truth to the tagline associated with the 1979 science-fiction film  Alien  : In space, no one can hear you scream. Inside an astronauts suit, there is pressure and an oxygen supply; without either, the astronaut would  perish  quickly. The pressure and air inside the suit also allow the astronaut to hear sounds within the suit, including communications via microphone from other astronauts. But, if there were an explosion in the vacuum of deep space outside the spacecraft, no one inside would be able to hear it. 7. Reception of Sound 7.1 Recording Earlier the structure of electronic  amplification  was described in very simple terms. Some of the same processes-specifically, the conversion of sound to electrical energy-are used in the recording of sound. In sound recording, when a sound wave is emitted, it causes vibrations in a diaphragm attached to an electrical  condenser. This causes variations in the electrical current passed on by the condenser. These electrical pulses are processed and ultimately passed on to an electromagnetic recording head. The magnetic field of the recording head extends over the section of tape being recorded: what began as loud sounds now produce strong magnetic fields, and soft sounds produce weak fields. Yet, just as electronic means of sound production and transmission are still not as impressive as the mechanisms of the human voice, so electronic sound reception and recording technology is a less magnificent device than the human ear. 8. How the Ear Hears As almost everyone has noticed, a change in altitude (and, hence, of atmospheric pressure) leads to a strange popping sensation in the ears. Usually, this condition can be overcome by swallowing, or even better, by  yawning. This opens the  Eustachian tube, a  passageway  that maintains atmospheric pressure in the ear. Useful as it is, the Eustachian tube is just one of the human ears many parts. The funny shape of the ear helps it to capture and  amplify  sound waves, which  pass-through  the ear canal and cause the  eardrum  to vibrate. Though humans can hear sounds over a much wider range, the optimal range of audibility is from 3,000 to 4,000 Hz. This is because the structure of the ear canal is such that sounds in this frequency produce  magnified  pressure fluctuations. Thanks to this, as well as other specific properties, the ear acts as an amplifier of sounds. Beyond the eardrum is the middle ear, an  intricate  sound-reception device containing some of the smallest bones in the human body-bones commonly known, because of their shapes, as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Vibrations pass from the hammer to the anvil to the stirrup, through the membrane that covers the oval window, and into the inner ear. Filled with liquid, the inner ear contains the semi-circular canals responsible for providing a sense of balance or orientation: without these, a person literally would not know which way is up. Also, in the inner ear is the  cochlea, an organ shaped like a  snail. Waves of pressure from the fluids of the inner ear are passed through the cochlea to the  auditory  nerve, which then transmits these signals to the brain. The basilar membrane of the cochlea is a particularly  wondrous  instrument, responsible in large part for the ability to discriminate between sounds of different frequencies and intensities. The surface of the membrane is covered with thousands of fibres, which are highly sensitive to disturbances, and it transmits information concerning these disturbances to the auditory nerve. The brain, in turn, forms a relation between the position of the nerve ending and the frequency of the sound. It also equates the degree of disturbance in the  basilar membrane  with the intensity of the sound: the greater the disturbance, the louder the sounds.